Pocahontas Essays - Disneys Pocahontas, American Folklore

Pocahontas Individuals today will in general examine each part of anything that crosses the silver screen. The Disney organization is constantly addressed on the truth of their movies. Some observe bigotry, inclination, or obliviousness toward history. Presently for an animation that is expected to engage kids, Disney does it the best. They do it so well that some contend that the individuals who reprimand Disney are the person's who have the issue. In any case, when Disney causes a film they to need to remember one thing when they do it. They need to comprehend that what they show to kids those children are going to see that, and with the exception of that as reality. Take for instance the film Pocahontas by Disney. This is a film with numerous imperfections that could in the long run lead kids off reality behind the genuine story of Pocahontas. Pocahontas was a genuine story with genuine individuals. By Disney taking that film and putting their own turn on it, they could lead a whole age of children from what's actual. Disney wasn't right when they made the film since what they indicated wasn't the truth, and by taking history and transforming it around is simply exploitative. Jaquelyn Kilpatrick attempts to make that equivalent point on an article about moderately the equivalent thing. Jaquelyn Kilpatrick states, Rather than progress in delineating Native Americans, this film makes a stride in reverse ? a risky advance since it is so painstakingly gleams as ?true' and ?conscious' (74). Kilpatrick brings up that Pocahontas should be the most PC of all the Disney films ever. Be that as it may, the foundation of her postulation is that it didn't focus on any of the realities about Pocahontas' life since it was so politically right. She likewise contends, For a certain something, she was not a voluptuos young lady when she met John Smith yet a ten-to twelve-year-old young lady, and John Smith was a thirty-something soldier of fortune who more took after a block than a blonde Adonis (74). Disney not just blurred the tale of a little youngster who was seized and assaulted by English pilgrims, yet they even depicted her looks absolutely off-base. Other than her lovely ?progressively Asian' eyes, he gave her a body with a wasp abdomen, provocative hips and legs, and bosoms that are really great (76). She likewise proceeded to clarify the distortion of the English pilgrims. She calls attention to the English in the film are very one-dimensional in their blundering eagerness (76). Disney not all generalized all English as cash hungry criminals, however they likewise generalized all Native American as prepared to fall head over heels for the main white man who comes their direction. Kilpatrick continues saying they changed her age, her body, and gave her a intention in her activities that comes down to going gaga over the primary white man she sees (74). In any case, the one point that Kilpatrick expressed over an over was that Disney changed reality behind the tale of Pocahontas. Pocahontas was changed to leave a grin all over. The tale of Pocahontas was anything but an upbeat romantic tale; it was a terrible story of a little youngster. Pocahontas was a young lady who was captured and assaulted by the English pioneers. She was then hitched to a tobacco grower named John Rolf and went to England, just amazing smallpox on the excursion to get back. By and by, I concur with each point that Kilpatrick introduced in her contention. The account of Pocahontas wasn't Disney's sort story, yet Disney transformed it into one for cash. Disney saw an open advertise for a Native American story, and they pulled out all the stops giving up history for a dollar. Disney needed to accomplish something for a culture that has never been respected previously, the Native Americans. Be that as it may, they did it in return for history. Local Americans where respected yet not through the genuine story of Pocahontas. Pocahontas and Disney's Pocahontas are two distinct individuals. Be that as it may, in the eyes of kids wherever when they think about a Native American story they'll consider Disney's. It's a pitiful thing that something like a film could change something like the genuine story of Pocahontas. Out there is an age of children who went to see a genuine decent film. Be that as it may, the film that should be the truth truly wasn't. The film was something wound and shaped to fulfill an crowd that wouldn't be content with viciousness, and ugly individuals. Kilpatrick made a point with this article. The fact being that this

Hindu Vs Chirstian Essays - Shabda, Reincarnation, Spirituality

Hindu Vs Chirstian Joe Cooper Harmony Studies Educator Smith 31 October 2000 Hindu and Christian Approaches to War and Peace As global perspectives on harmony contrast, so do assessments of various religions. Each culture has its own view on harmony and how to achieve it. Strict ties much of the time decide these qualities and laws. Two such restricting perspectives on harmony would be old Christian perspectives and Hindu convictions. Christianity puts stock in equity and love as the focal point of harmony while Hindus figure out how to deal with their own Self and make great karma to accomplish harmony. Early Christians accepted that harmony is an outcome from equity. In the event that an instruction was broken, equity was the main arrangement. Rulers got popular as indicated by how just and insightful they were. Quarrels and preliminaries were continually brought before the scriptural lords and they had to condemn. The cutting edge likeness harmony was not generally accomplished in the early Christian occasions. Harmony implied that equity had been done. Wars were battled to look for equity. The methods accomplished a finish of harmony in the wake of acquiring equity. Another sort of harmony likewise existed in the Christian time, shalom. This sort of harmony implies completeness. Shalom depends on the possibility that people are siblings and sisters under God as the Father. It included an increasingly positive sentiment of adoration and benevolence no accomplished with equity harmony. Christians see harmony now as an answer for most issues and take a stab at it in all that they do . A Christian wishes to accomplish individual harmony with in their lives and with their God. Love is a significant piece of Christian harmony. A Christian endeavors to be content, fulfilled, and to know absolute love. Christians regard and love each other in shalom harmony. The sort of harmony that Christians accept that Jesus brings is extraordinary. Christians currently accept that everybody was made in the picture of God. As a result of this we should all affection each other in light of the fact that God adores us and wants us to be quiet. Christians currently regard and dread God on account of the affection they feel for mankind and for Jesus. Christian harmony includes love and benevolence while Hindu harmony includes an alternate kind conviction and structure. Hindus accept that their internal identity never kicks the bucket and their life power moves from body to body as each new body lives and bites the dust. Hindus accept that every individual has a Self that exists inside somebody. This Self resembles a soul that is passed from body to body when they kick the bucket. Along these lines, as per the Hindu religion, the slaughtering the body of a man doesn't make a difference; the soul despite everything endures. This implies wars are supported thusly. Each individual executed in fight will simply enter another body in an alternate life. Now and again, Hindus may accept that a specific war is ones obligation or duty to battle. The main path for these individuals to legitimize this is on the grounds that they do no vibe that they are really slaughtering individuals. This view totally contrasts from the Christian point of view. Christians accept that individuals are just made once and that their lives are individual and separate from differe nt lives. Hindus likewise trust in the idea of karma. The law of karma says that an activities man does creates outcomes that sway the universe and return as karma. This implies one ought to consistently endeavor to accomplish great karma. World Peace comes from the world or from the pioneers of the world. As per the Hindu conviction, it originates from the people of the world. At the point when an individual finds a sense of contentment it spreads to his family, his neighbors, his city, his nation lastly to the world. The existence example of man, his Self, everywhere throughout the world is interwoven as people and in the connections among urban communities and countries. That is the thought of karma. At the point when one accomplishes great karma it impacts his entire world. Everything gets unique and better for a man in the event that he has great karma. Hindus additionally accept that on the off chance that somebody finds a sense of contentment with the world and has figured ou t how to make positive karma, his kids and companions will likewise profit. The sentiment of karma is that the

All the Books! Podcast, Episode #24 New Releases for Oct. 20, 2015

All the Books! Podcast, Episode #24 New Releases for Oct. 20, 2015 This week, Liberty and Rebecca discuss The Mark and the Void, Lafayette in the Somewhat United States, Speed Kings, and  more new releases. This episode was sponsored by the movie Room  and FabFitFun. Subscribe to All the  Books! using  RSS or iTunes and never miss a beat book. Sign up for the weekly New Books! newsletter for even more new book news. Books discussed on the show: Lafayette in the Somewhat United States by Sarah Vowell The Mark and the Void by Paul Murray Wolf by Wolf by Ryan Graudin You Dont Have to Like Me: Essays on Growing Up, Speaking Out, and Finding Feminism  by Alida Nugent Speed Kings: The 1932 Winter Olympics and the Fastest Men in the World by Andy Bull The Birth of the Pill: How Four Crusaders Reinvented Sex and Launched a Revolution by Jonathan Eig Departure by A. G. Riddle Click: When We Knew We Were Feminists  by J. Courtney Sullivan and Courtney E. Martin Pat the Bunny (Touch and Feel Book)  by Dorothy Kunhardt What were reading: The Collected Fiction of Leena Krohn (out in December from Cheeky Frawg Books) Gotham Academy, Survivors Club More books out this week: Home is Burning by Dan Marshall Golden Age by Jane Smiley Plotted: A Literary Atlas by Andrew DeGraff Becoming Nicole: The Transformation of an American Family by Amy Ellis Nutt Uncivil Rites: Palestine and the Limits of Academic Freedom by Steven Salaita The Unfortunate Decisions of Dahlia Moss by Max Wirestone Gilliamesque: A Pre-posthumous Memoir by Terry Gilliam Rails Under My Back by Jeffery Renard Allen Envy of Angels by Matt Wallace The Explorers Guild: Volume One: A Passage to Shambhala by Kevin Costner (Author), Jon Baird (Author), Rick Ross (Illustrator) If Youre Lucky by Yvonne Prinz The League of Unexceptional Children by Gitty Daneshvari The Hours Count by Jillian Cantor Gorsky by Vesna Goldsworthy Velvet Undercover by Teri Brown We Were Brothers by Barry Moser Welcome to Night Vale by Joseph Fink and Jeffrey Cranor Witches of America Alex Mar Career of Evil by Robert Galbraith The Lake House by Kate Morton Lum by Libby Ware Smoke by Catherine McKenzie Heart and Brain: An Awkward Yeti Collection  by The Awkward Yeti If the Raindrops United: Drawings and Cartoons  by Judah Friedlander Submission by Michel Houellebecq A Strangeness in My Mind by Orhan Pamuk Illuminae by Amie Kaufman and Jay Kristoff Radiance by Catherynne Valente Not That Kind of Girl: A Young Woman Tells You What Shes Learned by Lena Dunham (paperback)

The Effects of Marriage and Divorce on Families and Children Free Essay Example, 2500 words

Academically, the study of child development considers family as a producer of developmental outcomes of a child as well as other members. It works as a miniature of the real society that shapes and determines an individual s entry into other social institutions. Also, a family can be considered as a factor that includes both shared and non-shared components of the development of a child (Kreppner and Lerner 34). Numerous investigations in this field demonstrate that a child s personality, behavioral pattern, attitude, belief, etc are enormously influenced first by a child s interactions with its surroundings in a family, as Marian et al says, The family is seen as a dynamic context in which the child is both transformers and transformed (23). Subsequently, parenting exerts massive influence both directly and indirectly on a child s growth. Regarding the effect of parenting on the growth of a child, Belsky and Bronfenbrenner put emphasis on two issues, husband-wife relationship, a nd parent-child relationship, as most influential. Explicating the reasons of child-abuse, Belsky says, Specifically, marital relations, social networks, and jobs influence individual personality and general psychological well-being of parents and, thereby, parental functioning and, in turn, child development. We will write a custom essay sample on The Effects of Marriage and Divorce on Families and Children or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page

The Code Of Ethics And Social Welfare Essay - 1145 Words

Ethical standard 6.01 in NASW’s Code of Ethics pertains to social welfare. (National Association of Social Workers, 2016) clearly states that social workers should endorse the universal wellbeing of humanity, from local to global levels, and the growth of citizens, their neighborhoods, and their surroundings. From a political perspective (National Association of Social Workers, 2016) ascertains that social workers should campaign for a standard of living that meets basic human needs for individuals. (National Association of Social Workers, 2016) further states that social workers should also uphold all communal, fiscal, civic, and cultural values that pertain to pursuing fair justice and also support any organization that is like-minded in these pursuits as well. This line of thinking is paramount for social work to be successful. If social workers do not advocate and take the lead in voicing concern and fighting for social justice then who will? Social workers are in a un ique position with valuable educational backgrounds to see issues from a front to back perspective and offer holistic solutions. Thus, it makes sense that social workers are in a strategic situation to answer the call for political action and advocacy. Social workers are ultimately in this place to enact meaningful change for society. 2. Identify the administration most in-line with social work values between George W. Bush and Barrack Obama. Discuss your reasoning for your choice. (refer to chapterShow MoreRelatedThe Nasw Stands For The National Association Of Social1057 Words   |  5 PagesAssociation of Social Workers. The NASW has made a code of ethics for all social workers to follow. The mission of practicing social workers is social justice for everyone, service to anyone in need, treating everyone with dignity and recognize their worth, understand the importance of human relationships, integrity in everything we’re involved in, and competence in the field. The NASW code of ethics has 6 purposes for social workers. 1. The code of ethics identifies core values for social workers 2Read MoreWelfare Reform : Social Welfare Policy1257 Words   |  6 Pages Social Welfare Policy Social Welfare Policy Analysis Eric Dean University of Arkansas Introduction Several states have recently begun to enact legislation that requires welfare recipients to submit to drug tests before they are eligible to receive any public assistance. The purpose of mandatory drug testing is to prevent the potential abuse of taxpayer money, help individuals with drug problems, and ensure that public money is not subsidizing drug habits (Wincup, 2014). WhileRead MoreIntroduction. A Code Of Ethics Is A Formal Statement Of1343 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction A code of ethics is a formal statement of what your business prospects in the way of ethical behavior. Ethics and its unique social function to influence the development of an organization. In the organization, ethics as a correction of people s behavior and soft interpersonal constraints, it can make employees clear justice and injustice and a series of independent moral and moral boundaries, so as to have a clear view of right and wrong, good and evil, improve the efficiency of moralRead MoreOutline Of Historical Views On Child Welfare Workforce And Nasw Standards994 Words   |  4 PagesWeek 1 - Child Welfare Workforce and NASW Standards Provide an overview of historical views on children and identify how this will impact your role in empowering families, protecting children from maltreatment, and engaging in ethical decision making as a child welfare worker. Historically, children were viewed very differently than they are today. Adults thought of children as being seen and not heard. Children were expected to work in textile factories or as chimney sweeps in order to provideRead MoreAnalysis Of Iain Ferguson s Analysis On Where Social Work867 Words   |  4 Pages 1.) Iain Ferguson’s analysis on where social work lies is an eye-opening account on how social work is perceived by the state and by those who social workers are fighting for. By both state and those who are receiving social work care, the perception is clear; social work is perceived to be a form of social control on one end of the spectrum, and on the other a problematic profession in which workers side with their clients. The ideological clashes that arise between society, citizen, and familyRead MoreCode of Ethics for Nurses Essay1605 Words   |  7 Pageshead: SYSTEM OF INQUIRY PAPER System of Inquiry Paper Wendell A. Garcia University of Phoenix March 18, 2008 American Nurses Association’s Code of Ethics for Nurses Ethics is an integral part of the foundation of nursing. Nursing has a distinguished history of concern for the welfare of the sick, injured, and vulnerable and for social justice. This concern is embodied in the provision of nursing care to individuals and the community. Nursing encompasses the prevention of illness, theRead MoreFood Stamps to SNAP Essay1030 Words   |  5 Pagesprovided 50 percent or more of the cost of public assistant† [which includes food stamp program] (p. 136). Analysis of Social Work Values Social Work Profession The role of the social work profession varies; it is to aid people in need. Social workers work in various government agencies such as schools, private clinics, adoption agencies, hospitals, and other social welfare agencies that provide services to people who need help. A lot of families are unemployed, and they are unable to provideRead MoreBusiness Ethics And Explain Its Nature Essay1677 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction 1. Define business ethics and explain its nature: Ethics deals with moral practices and also, tell us how to behave with others. Actually, ethics defines the difference between good and bad, moral and immoral and fair and unfair etc. In addition to this it tells us to adopt good things and avoid bad ones. In short, ethics means a code of conduct (Shearman, 1990). Business Ethics means to run a business not only for profit purpose but also for sake of welfare to the society. A businessmanRead MoreThe For White Collar Criminals1704 Words   |  7 Pageswhich has been reduced by so being in the business code of ethics in those particular organizations. Americans are now looking at this as a community based opportunity to lift morals from the top down. This requires full support of the leaders.an example is the Ford Times that issued a five dollar per day to any worker who lived a clean and thrifty life therefore becoming part of the management that encouraged them a lot. A corporation has a social impact on its outside community and the leaders haveRead MorePublic Policy, Social Welfare Programs, Stakeholder Groups, And Joel Blau s Five Elements Model1347 Words   |  6 PagesExpand Excellence in Mental Health Act. We can gain a better understanding of this act by taking a look at a recent public policy related to mental healthcare, the values in the Code of Ethics, social welfare programs, stakeholder groups, and Joel Blau’s five elements model. This will give us a better understanding into the social problem and public policy related to access to mental healthcare. When it comes to access to mental healthcare, one public policy that relates would be the Expand Excellence

Psy/285 Final Week 9 Free Essays

PSY/285 Elizabeth Davis November 11, 2012 Bettye Griffin I am well rounded, independent, and unique. I believe that being well rounded means that you are not just one way or another. It means you have a little bit of every thing. We will write a custom essay sample on Psy/285 Final Week 9 or any similar topic only for you Order Now I think that independent means for a person to be out on their own in life. It means to be able to take care of them selves in life, along with other people. I am independent not interdependent. I do not rely on others for any thing. Meaning I do not get help with bills, money, school, child, car, or any other aspect in life. Interdependent means you get help from others or depend on other to do things for you. I think that self serving bias is some thing that every one has to some degree or another. I think that it is a bias opinion that enhances or widens your ego or self esteem. For me I am self bias towards my self in the fact that I am a very vain person. I believe I am very attractive meaning my self esteem is great about how I look when others are around. Locus of control theory is where people believe that they can control events that can affect them. External locus of control is a person that believes the whole world is out to get them, luck does exist, and that life is unfair. Internal locus of control is when a person has feelings of being responsible for the outcomes that happen in their lives. I know that confirmation bias is where a person has a tendency to favor information that goes along with their own beliefs. A person does this by gathering or when they remember information by picking out pieces of it. I think then that confirmation bias is some thing that we all do. I know for my self I have selective hearing. With this I pick out what I want to hear from a conversation, perceive it, and use it how I want to. My experiences that I have had with beliefs generating from their own confirmation have not always ended well. I know that nothing in life will happen exactly how you want it to. I do this all the time and plan out how others will react in a certain situation I am always wrong. I know that my behaviors influence my attitude a lot. I simply put my desires and actions first. My attitude or my intention only pushes my desires and actions further. Our text did suggest that there are several ways that genetics influence gender identity. My gender identity is influenced by my genetics because I was raised by my great grand parents. This means I am more apt to take on the old fashioned ways or believing in what a woman should act or be. I think that my gender identity has been shaped by the environment that I was raised in. I think that some evidence to support this would be that I do believe that me as a woman should do the cooking and cleaning. A woman should be married to one man in her life. A woman place in the world is behind her man. A woman must be able to do what a man does and work as hard as they can. I think that now in life that I am not at a great risk of conforming. I know that growing up at one point or another I was influenced to conform to a great many different aspects of life. I am stable in who I am and what I am today. I think as a person grows older in life it is harder to sway to conformity. I just don’t feel the need to impress or to be or act like some thing I am not. I have always had a hard time with both authority and also obedience. I think that in my opinion they go hand and hand with each other. I think that fear of authority or the stubbornness of just not wanting to both has a clear view of why the obedience will then not look. I think that the foot in the door technique has had a lot of influence on me doing things in my life. I think the biggest foot in the door was when I was younger and with my friends. When I would hang with them and they would start to do some thing illegal or dangerous. That means I would have a choice of walking away or since I am all ready there so why not concept. Oh, of course I have used the foot in the door technique on others. This is used in peer pressure situations when some one does not want to do some thing but convince them to using the foot in the door. I think that when I am in the presence of others I am very stand back and watch kind of person. I like to take in what is going on around me. I think that with or around others I know that I act with respect and honesty. When alcohol is involved that bearer that was there to just sit, watch, and be kind of shy is lost. When that is gone I am just full of confidence and the life of every one else around me. I know that no matter what group project that you get your self in to that there will always be some kind of social leafing. I volunteer at our church a lot, and at the veterans hall we work in groups and there is always one or two people who I have to pick up the slack from, because they refuse to help in any way. I don’t think that it will get any better in the future. I don’t think that it will because I can not change other people and how they see life. Only that person can make the conscious decision to change is them selves. I believe that Deindividuation is a concept that is mostly thought of as one loosing their self awareness in other groups. I think that deindividuation is where people sway into other groups other than what they would usually. It is acting different in a group than you would usually, that would be completely out of character for you. People that are in groups over time lose their own self awareness and self restraint because of the group they are in. At this point they would loose their own self as an individual and become more like the others. I think that people whom are in groups would do things that they would not on the account that the person would then be less responsible for their own actions. I think that I was influenced and have gotten in a lot of trouble in the past because of deindividuated presence of other people. I am not now though taken over in any group nor do I want to be my life is fine with out getting in trouble. I think that there are many different levels that a person can be attracted to another person. I think that at first it is the attraction of what a person looks like. I think that personal things you have in common helps. I also think that being around a person for long time will increase the chance of being attracted to one another. There is so many things that can make a person attractive to me. I do know that the preference at attractiveness is different between each person. I think that there are many things that you can do to help sustain relationships. Here are some of the things that I do to help sustain a relationship is trust, compassion, compromise, and respect. I think that all of these are needed to have a healthy relationship. I think that trust is big to be able to feel at ease. Compassion is needed for your self the most to put it into the relation ship, and also to be healthy for you to have compassion towards other things in life. I would say that compromise is like picking your battles. This would come along with talking to your partner. I would also say that to have respect is both for your self as well as the other person. When I have to resolve a conflict there is just a few things that I do to help with this. I first pick a time to talk about it. I make sure not to go into talking about it when I am angry or mad. I would also take into consideration to bring in an out side party to monitor the conflict, if we can not come to a compromise or agreement about the conflict. I am glad that this class has opened my eyes to so many different views and ideas of what I need to take a look at in life. I think that it is good to know what the things are that centers around who I am and also why I am that way. I think that I have been able to change some of my views and ways from what I have learned in this class. Although, I do know that even though this class has made me aware of some of my actions and beliefs, that I am just not ready to take control of and change. It has also made me aware of why others act in the way they do. I will not be so judgmental of certain behaviors or actions in the future. I am more aware of the world around me, including my self and other people who I choose to surround my life around. I loved what this class has taught me and will keep it with me in my mind and thoughts for ever. I wish that other people would take vane and learn why things are what they are. To find reason for behaviors this makes it so that maybe some time knowing why will become action to change to some thing better. How to cite Psy/285 Final Week 9, Essay examples

Managaging Organizational Change free essay sample

With falling vehicles sales and high costs, getting their North American operations profitable may be impossible no matter what the union gives. All the UAW has to push back with is a strike. And, strike it may. If the UAW gives up what the car companies want in this round of negotiations, the union will cease to exist as the bargaining force that it has been for decades. The union may decide that it is better to risk dying while defending its workers that to be overrun without a struggle (McIntyre 2012). This particular union took on the Change Manager as Director Image.According to chapter 2, the director image is based on an image of management as control and of change outcomes as being achievable. It is therefore up to the change manager to direct the organization in particular ways in order to produce the required change. The assumption is that change is a strategic choice that managers make and the survival and general well-being of the organization depends on them. We will write a custom essay sample on Managaging Organizational Change or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In this particular situation the Managers in charge felt they would fight for what is right, even if that means fighting until the end. The image I feel best facilitates Ford is the Caretaker Image.In the caretaker image, the (ideal) image of management is still one of control, although the ability to exercise control is severely constrained by a variety of forces, both internally and externally driven, that propel change relatively independent of a managers intentions. For example, despite the change managers best intentions to implement activities to encourage entrepreneurial and innovative behavior, they may feel like this is a continually failing exercise as the organization grows, becomes more bureaucratic, and enacts strategic planning cycles, rules, regulations, and centralized practices.In this situation, inexorable growth and the issues associated with it are outside the control of any individual manager of change. In this rather pessimistic image, at best managers are care takers, shepherding their organizations along as best they can. Ford has conflict, turmoil, and uncertainty but is that necessarily a bad thing? I would be more concerned with a company that was complacent, steady, and overconfident to use just one set of antonyms. A culture that has a presumption of imperfection can be very stressful.That type of stress can be good, and the fear of a cataclysmic industry or market disruption is often what drives the most successful lean manufacturing efforts. Change is hard, you have to really want to change or be scared into doing it. When you possess a caretaker image A lean transformation takes real leadership, and thats where we see a wide disparity between Ford and GM. On the Ford side we have CEO Alan Mulally who came from Boeing, a company with a very strong lean program. We have some problems with Boeings offshoring practices, but much of that is driven by political necessity. Bottom line is that he understands lean, and just recently visited archrival Toyota with VP Mark Fields. At a private dinner on Wednesday, Ford CEO Alan Mulally told journalists that the recent visit he and Mark Fields made to Toyotas headquarters was born out of a desire to understand more about the Japanese automakers manufacturing and product development processes, which Mulally holds in very high esteem.

History and Causes of the Sexual Deviants in People

Introduction Sexual deviants refer to people who exhibit sexual deviation such that they do not conform to the sexual norms stipulated by the society. In the past a number of sexual behaviors were considered as sexual deviance while currently this may not be so.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on History and Causes of the Sexual Deviants in People specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A case in point is homosexuality which was regarded as a form of sexual deviant however it is not since a number of states in the world accept homosexuals and they even legalize same sex marriages. The presence of sexual deviants in the society could be as a result of the environment they have grown in which they are socialized to become sexual deviants (Munroe Gauvain, 2001). There are various types of sexual deviants who range from rapists, pedophiles, prostitutes and exhibitionists. Different explanations have come up on the ca uses of sexual deviants and they range from psychological explanations and social explanations. Several theories have been advanced to explain the presence of sexual deviants. The aim of this study is to establish the reason as to why there are sexual deviants in the society with an aim of treating the sexual deviants (Munroe and Gauvain, 2001). Types of sexual deviants There are various types of sexual deviants namely: pedophiles, prostitutes, exhibitionists, masochists, rapists and fetishists. Pedophiles refer to people who engage in sex with a child (Everything, 2011). In most cases the pedophiles victims are either relatives or friends. If the perpetrator is an extreme pedophile he or she may resort to killing the victim to avoid exposure. Prostitutes refer to men or women who have sex for financial gains. Exhibitionists on the other hand refer to people, who expose their genitals in public in order to obtain sexual gratification. Masochists refer to people who engage in sexual activity with objects (Munroe Gauvain, 2001). Fetishisms use items like bra’s and women’s underwear and shoes for sexual gratification. The type of sexual deviance in frotteurism includes touching and applying friction against people who have not given any consent (Everything, 2011). Sexual deviants like voyeurs observe unsuspecting individuals as they undress or as they engage in sexual activity (Munroe Gauvain, 2001). Rapists refer to people who utilize force to sexually assault their victim. In this case they obtain pleasure by forcefully assaulting their victims sexually. The perpetrators seem to hate women or suffer from certain sexual problems (Everything, 2011). Causes of sexual deviance Differential- association theory Edwin Sutherland was credited for coming up with this theory in order to tackle the issue of how people learn deviance. This theory stipulates that one’s surrounding has a great impact on the way people behave in reference to the laid do wn norms such that people may decide to violate certain norms according to the laid down norms. According to this theory individuals learn about the existing norms in society from the various socializing agent who include; family, peers, co- workers, leader as well as the media.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In reality this is to say people acquire behaviors from the people they interact with because they are their intimate groups (Burgess Ronald, 1996). This theory can be used to explain some forms of sexual deviance like prostitution. A case in point is a group of prostitutes who provide an environment for other people to learn how to become prostitutes (Burgess Ronald, 1996). The prostitutes define themselves as a subculture and praise prostitution as a way of achieving their goal, namely material wealth. A group of people who are not deviants could become deviant thr ough association of sexual deviants like exhibitionists. A group of prostitutes learn to be deviant as they accept and practice the prostitutes’ norms. On the other hand exhibitionists learn to be deviant through acceptance and practice of the exhibitionist norms (Burgess Ronald, 1996) . This theory is beneficial in the study of sexual deviance as it is the focal point in the process that takes place for sexual deviance to occur. According to this theory, people become sexual deviants on account of people they associate with. Nevertheless, this theory has been criticized as it is vague in terms of its terminology. Moreover, it cannot be validated empirically (Gijs and Gooren, 1996). Anomie theory According to this theory, anomie takes place when an individual becomes confused about the existing norms as well as norms that do not exist. Robert Merton created this theory to refer to the dissimilarity existing between objectives that are acknowledged by the society and the meth ods obtainable to accomplish those objectives (Munroe Gauvain, 2001). A case in point is the American society whose main objective is to attain riches, nevertheless majority of the American society do not have the ability acquire riches, and the most affected being the marginalized. As a result, those people who find they have no way to acquire wealth due to the obstacles present as they pursue the socially approved goal may resort to deviant behavior (Bartush, et al, 1997). In such instances, individuals may opt to engage in deviant activities in order to achieve their objectives, they may go against the laid down rules by the society in order to prove a point (Bartush, et al, 1997). This theory is important in explaining the causes of the presence of the different types of sexual deviants such as prostitutes. Also people can practice exhibitionism through filming in pornographic movies.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on History and Causes of the Sexu al Deviants in People specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More From this theory one learns that some individuals choose to be prostitutes or exhibitionists in order to achieve their goals of attaining wealth (Bartush, et al, 1997). This theory puts a lot of emphasis on the function played by social forces in creation of deviance. In this case, prostitution and exhibitionism as sexual deviance comes about due to the search for wealth. Nevertheless, this theory has been criticized for a number of reasons. First, it lacks in account of the progression that takes place for one to become a deviant. Secondly, there is no inclusion of internal factors that could lead to deviance. Lastly, just like the differential association theory, it cannot be verified empirically (Munroe Gauvain, 2001). The labeling theory The main concern of this theory is the denotation that people get from the public through the signs, tags, the way they act as well as how t hey react. The theory postulates that various ways of behaving can only be deemed as deviant in instances where they are labeled as deviant by the society (Bartush, et al, 1997). In this case members of the society deduce the constitution of deviant behavior and link this deviant behavior to a certain individual as they determine what constitutes deviant or non- deviant behavior. Members of the society with immense power tend to make an imposition of the most important labels (Bartush, et al, 1997). Labels given to individuals includes: retards, psychiatric patients, criminals, drug addicts, alcoholics, delinquents as well as prostitutes (Bartush, et al, 1997). According to research, individuals who have been labeled negatively, tend to have low self image hence they resort to rejecting themselves and act in a deviant manner due to the label they have been given. It is unfortunate that people, who accept the labelling of others whether true or false, find it difficult to transform t heir opinions of the labeled person (Munroe Gauvain, 2001). In case of labeling as a sexual deviant, one may become a sexual deviant to the acceptance of the label given. For example, if one’s dressing leads to one being regarded as a sexual deviant, one may actually become a sexual deviant as one already perceives himself to be a sexual deviant. The major criticism of this theory comes from the fact that, the concept used is not clear plus the assumptions made cannot be tested empirically (Munroe Gauvain, 2001). Biological account According to the argument presented by the biological account, the cause of sexual deviance has a close relationship with the hormones in the body. Nevertheless, the majority of the studies fail to show the association between the level of hormones and the typical sexual fantasies, urges, or behaviors (Cohen Galynker, 2002).Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Further studies into the relationship between hormones and sexual deviance have put a focus on other biological explanations which include alteration of the brain functions in sexual deviants, which could be as a result of trauma experienced early in one’s life during the process of development (Cohen Galynker, 2002). Nevertheless, a lot has not been accomplished on the study of the effect of the mental processes that could lead to sexual deviancy in a person (Cohen Galynker, 2002). Psychoanalytic theory This theory was put forth by Sigmund Freud and it has been used to explain the causes of several social problems. This theory is important in explaining the causes of sexual deviation. This theory is best in explaining the causes of fetishes. According to this theory the item of fetish is viewed as an insensible replacement for the mother’s missing penis that the boy discovered in the mother (Steele, 1996). As a result, one becomes fixated on the fetish object, which then requires that sexual partners wear or associate themselves with the object. The individual with the fetish will maintain the insensible dream that his female partner has a penis, thereby not stirring his fear of castration (Steele, 1996). According to this theory fetish of a particular object is related to the final instant prior to the boy learning of his mother’s state of castration. It follows that the items noticed lastly at the moment the boy viewed his mothers’ genitals. As a result, the fetish of fur could be as a result of linking it with pubic hair while the fetish for stocking could be linked with the mother’s shaved legs (Steele, 1996). Modern explanations of fetish in a psychoanalytic view have argued that sexual abuse that may have happened early in life, under the caregivers becomes manifested later in life as a problem, such that one is incapable of forming as well as maintaining healthy and close associations. The individual forms an altern ative to the formation of close relations through satisfaction of sexual urges by use of objects or by use of behavior, which includes voyeurism, froutteurism and exhibitionism. Moreover, they may form associations with associates whose relationship are based on unequal power (Steele, 1996). Cognitive- behavioral and learning explanations According to this theory some form of sexual deviation could be as a result of previous experience in sex (Munroe Gauvain, 2001). In this case it follows that a person who has peeped during childhood and witnessed nudity, or any form of sexual action, could be sexually aroused. As a result, if the individual carries on with this behavior, and masturbates as well as replay this in his mind and masturbates, it can result to voyeurism. In this case, voyeurism has been linked to an individual becoming aroused sexually and experiencing pleasure (Munroe Gauvain, 2001). Once one experiences orgasm, voyeurism may be reinforced in the future. As a result, each time an individual becomes aroused and has an orgasm, the individual may turn back to voyeuristic behavior and the connection between sexual arousal, orgasm and voyeurism becomes reinforced through classical conditioning. This theory has been criticized as it does not answer the question as to why some people who have had early sexual experience have interests in sexual deviance while others do not. Moreover, it gives no elaboration of the process one undergoes in order to for one to become a sexual deviant (Munroe Gauvain, 2001). Treatment for sexual deviants For one to properly treat the sexual deviants, it is important that a proper finding is made, where the type of sexual deviance is carefully interpreted as well as assessed clinically (Everything, 2011). While doing this, the psychiatrist should look at the history of a patient and carry out a physical examination. In most cases a proper finding is made through a recommendation from the criminal justice system. (Everyth ing, 2011) Experts, who deal with sexual deviants, should not be judgmental and if feasible they should avoid close contact with the sexual deviants. Moreover, they should steer away from any behavior that reinforces deviant behavior. The environment should also be safe, where practical objectives for treatment are positioned. Due to the fact that some sexual deviants may susceptible to psychiatric problems, the form of treatment utilized should be appropriate (Everything, 2011). There are various ways that have been proposed to treat sexual deviants. One such example is the psychoanalytic theory which is used in analyzing the cause for the presence of sexual deviants. In this case it defines sexual deviation to come about through the process of development. As a result psychoanalysis can be used to treat the unresolved issues so as to ensure that one does not resort to sexual deviation due to unresolved issues while growing up (Wincze, 2000). On the other hand, the biological theor ies postulates that varying levels of hormones in the body could lead to sexual deviation, where this is mainly the case in individuals who have high levels of testosterone, the levels of testosterone could be reduced through administration of drugs ( Wincze, 2000). The biological treatment can be used in preventing sexual deviation could be borrowed from the treatment given to sexual offenders (Rosler and Witztum, 2000). In this case, sex offenders are treated with anti androgenic substances like Depo provera which diminishes the sex drive in men in instances where it is administered by a professional (Cohen and Galynker, 2002). The treatment of sexual deviants can accomplished using the behavioral approach. According to this approach a sexual deviant is taught how to stay away from anything that influences the individual into any form of sexual deviation (Cohen Galynker, 2002). Treatment for sexual deviation could include treatment where one monitors the behavior of the sexual de viant and keeps record of the causes of sexual deviation. Once the individual is aware of the causes of the sexual deviation he or she may scream â€Å"stop† in actual sense or internally in order to deter the individual from thoughts that would lead to sexual deviation (Cohen Galynker, 2002). Lastly, appropriate sexual relationships should be formed and as established to deter one from engaging in any forms of sexual deviation. In the process of doing this issues to do with sexual dysfunction should be dealt with and more emphasis put on the development of social skills, assertiveness and communication. Once this is dealt with an individual who is a sexual deviant due to poor relationship will not find the need to become a sexual deviant (Krueger Kaplan, 2002). Psychotherapy is a form of treatment for sexual deviants which involves conversing of the sexual deviant with a therapist for a certain period of time. This type of treatment involves the identification of the force s leading to sexual deviance by the sexual deviant an in turn the therapist helps the sexual deviant overcome his sexual deviance through molding his thoughts (MedIndia, 2011). While this method has been successful in some cases it has however proved to be ineffective in some cases. The main reason for this is the fact that most sexual deviants consider that the troubles stemming from sexual acts considered as deviant have their roots from the prejudice by the society due to the variation in sexual behavior (MedIndia, 2011). Conclusion From the above study one learns that sexual deviance refers to forms of sexual behaviors that are not accepted by the society. It is noteworthy that while some forms of sexual behaviors like homosexuality was regarded as deviant traditionally, it is presently not referred to as a form of sexual deviance as it is acceptable in several areas of the world. This is whereby homosexuals are accepted as normal people in the society who do not from the social norm and as a result same sex marriages are legalized in a number of countries like America. The various existing forms of sexual deviants originate from the environment where one becomes a social deviant due to the socialization one gets from the environment. Prior experience in sex is also known to be a cause of sexual deviation. In other instance sexual deviance can be explained by the body make up whereby the varying levels of certain hormones like testosterone is believed to be a cause of sexual deviation. There are several methods that are proposed to treat sexual deviants hence it is up to the psychologists to know the best method to treat a sexual deviant. References Bartusch, D., Donald., L, Terrie., A Phil., A. (1997). â€Å" Is age important?: Testing a general versus a developmental theory of antisocial behavior,† Criminology 35: 375-406. Burgess, L., Ronald L. (1996) â€Å" A differential association- reinforcement theory of criminal behavior,† Social P roblems 14: 128- 47. Cohen, J., Galynker, I. (2002). Clinical features of pedophilia and implications for treatment. Journal of Psychiatric Practice, 8 276- 289. Everything, (2011). Sexual deviation. Retrieved from https://everything2.com/title/Sexual+deviation?/ Gijs, L., Gooren, L. (1996). Hormonal and psychopharmacological interventions in the treatment of paraphilias: An update. Journal of sex research, 33, 273-290. Krueger, B Kaplan, M. (2002). Behavioural and psychopharmacological treatment of the paraphilic and hypersexual disorders. Journal of Psychiatric Practice, 8, 21-32. MedIndia, (2011). SexualDeviance. Retrieved from https://www.medindia.net/patients/patientinfo/sexual-deviance-therapies.htm Munroe, L., Gauvain, M. (2001). Why the paraphilias? Domesticating strange sex. Cross- cultural Research, 35, 44-64. Rosler, A., Witztum, E. (2000). Pharmacotherapy of paraphilias in the next millennium. Behavioral Science and the law, 18, 43-56. Steele, V. (1996). Fetish: Fash ion, sex, and power. New York: Oxford University Press. Wincze, P (2000). Assessment and treatment of a typical sexual behavior. In S. R. Leiblum R. C. Rosen (Eds.), Principles and practice of sex therapy (3rd ed). New York: Guilford. This research paper on History and Causes of the Sexual Deviants in People was written and submitted by user Nicolas Middleton to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Results from the 2010 Census essayEssay Writing Service

Results from the 2010 Census essayEssay Writing Service Results from the 2010 Census essay Results from the 2010 Census essayThe article in question is divided into several parts, each exploring on different topics related to the census of 2010 and its future perspectives. The authors of the article investigate such issues as the changes in the US population, increasing racial and minority diversity as well as state and local population changes. The article represents a full-fledged analysis of different issues concerning the US population and its growth. It also deeply covers the issues of minorities in this regard. It is known that every 10 years the US conducts a census to see the changes in the state population (Mather, Pollard, and Jacobsen 3). Thus, the next census will be completed in 2020. It seems like there is a lot of time ahead, but in reality time goes by extremely fast. The authors of the article answer such questions as where the population of the US has increased and what proportion of the country’s population belongs to the ethnic and racial minorit ies.In this relation, it needs to be said that such census is evidently one of the most important issues for the US of today as more and more representatives of other race or ethnicity immigrate to the country for different reasons, mainly in search of prosperity and better living and working conditions. Thus, the number of minorities is ever increasing. The article summarizes the major findings of the 2010 Census. It states that the census conducted in the nearest past included a slightly different range of questions provided to the US citizens in comparison with the censuses that were carried out decades earlier. The results of the census showed that the population of the US has grown to 300 million people (Mather, Pollard, and Jacobsen 5). However, the authors of the article claim that the pace, at which the population of the US has grown, was traced to be considerably slower than that of the previous years.However, according to the article, the census conducted in 2010 was not a ccurate enough. Thus, it has been historically viewed as a survey with inaccurate coverage often missing minorities and children (Mather, Pollard, and Jacobsen 6). The 2010 Census was not an exception. As for the minorities, it needs to be admitted that according to the data obtained through the census, the Latino population has grown 43% in comparison with the previous decade (Mather, Pollard, and Jacobsen 7). In general, it is evident that the growth of minority population is ever increasing and this trend is likely to continue in future. The census also shows that the increase of the Asian population will also take place in the proceeding decades.As for my personal point of view, I consider that the demographic situation in the US has a tendency to constantly change and there can be no clear perspectives as for the future alterations in the population of the country. We can only suggest that some changes will take place, but in reality, it is hard to say whether our suggestions w ill be 100% true as even the most accurate census does not guarantee total coverage. In general, it can be predicted that the minority population of the US will continue to grow along with the number of immigrants who are likely to become future citizens of the country. I consider that carrying out censuses like the one that was conducted in 2010 is of great importance as it is vital to constantly monitor the demographic situation in the country. I should also say that I agree with the authors of the article that the number of children and population in general will increase at a rapid speed and might grow to â€Å"one-third of a billion people†

Special Needs Inclusion Education Program Essay

Special Needs Inclusion Education Program - Essay Example This idea of inclusion is more viable than the use of seclusion or putting the children with disabilities in self-contained classrooms. A self-contained classroom setting proposes that children with disabilities are separated from the rest; according to Banduras social learning theory will not help the child develop cognitively and behaviourally. A self-contained classroom setting that groups children with disabilities from the rest makes them feel as social outcasts. This will have a negative cognitive development to the child, and he/she shall develop little or no social skill to interact and learn with the rest of the population (Turnbull, 2010). The other theory that supports the use of inclusion in the classroom setting is observational learning theory. As the name of the theory suggests, the child learns in the classroom mainly through observation methods. Since the children are included in the classroom setting with the rest of the children with no disabilities, they can obser ve them and learn. From this observation, they develop behaviour and learn from experience. As the theory suggests, most of the children with disabilities feel the need to adapt to their environment and function well. Through inclusion in the classroom, they see and hear what their peers are doing, and try to emulate it, and this is important as they develop communication and social skills fast enough to interact, and learn in the classroom setting (Weir, 1999). The use of self-contained classrooms in educating children with disabilities would also hinder the observational development of a child. Since the children are set up on their own, they lack the opportunity to... This essay stresses that inclusion provides children with special needs the opportunity to both interact and learn with the mainstream population who do not have disabilities. Inclusion is a trend, which made major progression in the late 80s and early 90s, which concluded that that general education is the best choice for all students. The role of inclusion for children with disabilities is rationalized by use of several learning theories. The use of self-contained classrooms in educating children with disabilities would also hinder the observational development of a child. Since the children are set up on their own, they lack the opportunity to observe what their peers are doing and undergoing. This shall mean that they depend upon their own mind, teacher and fellow children with disabilities to develop social skill and learn. The inclusion method presents several advantages to both the child and the educator, when it is effectively applied taking all the students requirements in a learning environment. This report makes a conclusion that through the inclusion method, several children with disabilities have developed the need skills to be successful members of society. Some children with disabilities have developed strong mental and behaviour capabilities to get higher academic grades as compared to their friends. The inclusion methods creates a feeling of oneness and togetherness to the children with disabilities, and through the learning theories outlined in the paper, make them productive members of society.

Arab Societies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Arab Societies - Essay Example Meanwhile, the former inhabitants of the land purchased by the oil-rich citizens are left to migrate to urban areas leaving their agricultural livelihood to be bulldozed into the ground as the new foundation of an eagerly anticipated tourist destination. These migrants eventually get employed in a job that does not offer them enough income to live comfortably. This is the picture of how most Arabs live in the Middle East as painted by the authors of the assigned readings. The unfortunate thing is that only 5% of the Arab people are living in luxury while the rest live within middle-class to lower-class means. The consequence of the rural-urban migration of people is leaving agricultural lands barren without anyone to tend to producing crops or raising livestock for people’s food. Kadri reports that exportation of food has significantly decreased and importation has been on a steady rise. Hence, malnutrition among Arab nations has also spread. What is the government doing about this â€Å"rich getting richer† and the â€Å"poor getting poorer† situation? Since huge investments on land and real-estate would need the appropriate permits and authorization to operate, with the authority coming from the government, it may be expected that people in government gain much from the investors and inevitably approve of their investments. Mitchell has described such leniency from government as neoliberalism. It may be overwhelming to witness vast lands being turned to â€Å"dreamland† while the economy suffers and the majority of the population live in poverty. One may question where most of the revenue from taxes of such luxurious investments go. Certainly not to programs that will uplift the standard of living of middle to low classed citizens! Government priorities have been lopsided, favouring the projects of the rich over the service of the poor. This may be due to the personal agendas of those in power. Farsoun laments how Arab state capitalism

Literature review of work and family conflict

Literature review of work and family conflict This chapter introduces and explains the important theoretical and practical resource for an understanding of the conflict between work and family among married female teachers in Malaysia. This chapter consists of two sections namely; section I: Theoretical framework of work-family conflict from Western and Islamic perspectives. For section II: Literature Review on Work-Family Conflict. Focus of the study is to examine the impact of work-family conflict-efficacy WFC efficacy and religious coping (RC) on work-family conflict (WFC) and well-being among female teachers in Malaysia. The study also validates the instruments. Then, the researcher estimate the relationships. This chapter explained on theoretical perspectives that support the theoretical framework as foundation and background of the study that being conducted. Apart from that, this section also discusses the basis and background of the study of conceptual framework research on the perspective of theoretical background in Western and Islamic Perspectives. It involves on the development of a model on the relationships among the variables in WFC efficacy, RC, WFC and well-being. Many researchers have attempted to construct a single model for WFC conflict in connection with well-being. Theories and models discussed in this section were the relevant in work-family conflict, which provided significant contributions in the construction of the proposed theoretical framework. The model is based on the theoretical foundations and empirical evidences obtained from literature reviews, which consists of several elements. Overviews of Work-family Conflict Theories Role Theory by Kahn et al., Spillover Theory Conservation of Resources Model (COR)by Model of Work-Family Role Pressure Incompatibility Overview of the Theory of Well-being Model of Teachers Stress by Kyriacou Sutcliffe) Social Cognitive Theory by Bandura Religious Coping Theory by Pargement Moral Development Theory by Carol Gilligan OVERVIEW OF WORK-FAMILY CONFLICT THEORIES Several theories have been received a great deal attention in the literature throughout the past few decades. Most of the studies focused on six competing theories as a theoretical framework in work-family conflict research; role theory, spillover, compensation, segmentation, conservation of resources model (COR) and Integration. In this study, the researcher focuses only on several theories that related to WFC which are role theory, spillover and COR. The main focus of the study is to examine the relationship of WFC efficacy and religious coping (RC) on work-family conflict (WFC) and well-being (WB) of married female teachers in Malaysia. Work-family conflict is a type of inter-role conflict in which the role demands stemming from one domain (work or family) are incompatible with role demands stemming from another domain (family or work) (Greenhaus Beutell, 1985; Kahn, Wolfe, Quinn, Snoek, Rosenthal, 1964). According to Kahn, Wolfe, Quinn, Snoek, and Rosenthal (1964), roles are the result of expectations of others about appropriate behavior in a particular position. Role conflict is described as the psychological tension that is aroused by conflicting role pressures. Role theory suggests that conflict occurs when individuals engage in multiple roles that are incompatible (Katz Kahn, 1978). Based on the discussion of the work-family conflict and well-being model, Figure 2.1 provides the summary. Role Theory (Kahn et al., 1964) Spillover Theory (1980) Model of Work-Family Role Pressure (1985) Conservation of Resources Model (1989) Model of Teacher Stress (1978) The Relationship between Personality and Stress (Bolger and Zuckerman, 1995) Social Cognitive Theory (Bandura, 1977) Religious Coping (Pargament, 1990) Role Theory (Kahn, Wolfe, Quinn, Snoek, and Rosenthal, 1964) Most of the research on the work-family interface has been guided by role theory (e.g., Kahn, Wolfe, Quinn, Snoek, Rosenthal, 1964; Katz Kahn, 1978). According to role theory, the demand of multiple roles has given an impact for well-being. This rationale basically fits the logic of a stressor-strain model (Karasek Theorell, 1990), with work-family conflict as stressor. Similarly, much of the research on WFC has been based on the premise that multiple roles inevitably create strain (e.g., Frone et al., 1992, Allen Grigsby, 1997) as suggested by role theory (Katz Kahn, 1879).Due to limited amount of time and energy that individuals have to fulfill their multiple roles at the same time, they tend to experience stress (Goode, 1960). Specifically, the role theory (Duxbury Higgins, 1991) postulates that expectations associated with work and family roles can lead to physical and psychological strain in two ways. First, the demand of multiple roles within the work and family domain can lead to overall increase in workload. Second, expectations surrounding either of these roles can evoke pressures that dominate the time of an individual and interfere with expectations associated with the performance of the other role. However, the usefulness of role theory as a basis for crossover research is that it underscores the inter-relations between a focal person and his / her role senders in the work and family setting. Spillover Theory According to the spillover explanation, it may refer to the impact that the satisfaction and affect from the work domain has on the family domain or the impact that the satisfaction and affect from family domain has on the work domain. Additionally, the relationship between work and non-work activities can be positive or negative. Positive spillover refers to situations in which the satisfaction, energy and sense of accomplishment derived from the work environment carry over into the non-work domain. Conversely, negative spillover occurs when problems, fatigue or frustration carry over from the work domain to the non-work domain (Bartolonme Evens, 1980). Other researchers have conceptualized spillover in a similar manner. For example, Zedeck and Mosier (1990) asserted that increased satisfaction (dissatisfaction) in the work domain leads to increased satisfaction (dissatisfaction) with life. Spillover is a process whereby experiences in one roles more similar. Research has examined the spillover of mood, values, skills and behaviors from one role to another (Edwards and Rothbard, 2000). Therefore, spillover is likely to promote work-family conflict when an affect like dissatisfaction with work consistently spills over in to ones family life, thus increasing role conflict. This role conflict stems from the difficulty associated with trying to maintain a satisfying home life when dissatisfaction from work continues to interfere. Therefore, the central premise of spillover is reciprocity or bidirectional relationship of affect in the work and family domains. In other word, conflict between work and family occurs because the affect from one domain (work) is incompatible with the other domain (family). In this study spillover theory explain the negative effect in dealing with work and family roles respectively. Model of Work-Family Role Pressure Incompatibility The model of work-family role pressure incompatibility (figure 2.3) which was proposed by Greenhaus Beutell (1985) encompassed the antecedents of interrole conflict and offered detailed explanations of the types of interrole conflict, which were used widely by researchers in the work-family interface. The model depicted two main areas, the sources of conflict in both work and nonwork domains and the role pressure incompatibility. The role pressure incompatibility reflected the interrole conflict construct in the present study; and was classified into three forms; time-based conflict, strain-based conflict and behavior-based conflict. However, in this study examined only two forms as defined by Netemeyer et al. (1996, p.401), that work-family conflict as a form of interrole conflict in which the general demands of, time devoted to and strain created by the job interfere with performing family-related responsibilities. Greenhaus Beutell (1985) proposed the model of work-family role pressure incompatibility (figure 2.3) encompassed the work domain and family domain that explained in detailed the types of interrole conflict, which were used widely by researchers in the work-family interface. The model depicted domains from work and family which affect from three forms of interrole conflict namely; time-based conflict, strain-based conflict and behavior-based conflict. However, in this study examined only two forms as defined by Netemeyer et al. (1996, p.401), that is work-family conflict as a form of interrole conflict in which the general demands of, time devoted to and strain created by the job interfere with performing family-related responsibilities. FAMILY DOMAIN Illustrative Pressures Time Young Children Spouse Employment Large Families Strain Family Conflict Low spouse support Behaviour expectations for Warmth and Openness Role Pressure Incompatibility Time devoted to one role makes it difficult to fulfill requirements for another role. Strain produced by one role makes it difficult to fulfill requirements of another role Behaviour required in one role makes it difficult to fulfill requirements of another role. WORK DOMAIN Illustrative Pressures Hour worked Time Inflexible work- schedule Shiftwork Role conflict Strain Role Ambiguity Boundary-spanning activities expectations for Behaviour secretiveness and objectivity Negative Sanction for Noncompliance Role Salience Figure 2.3. Work-Family Role Pressure Incompatibility (Adapted from Greenhaus Beutell, 1985: pp.78) The strength of this model was the conceptual distinctions made among the types of interrole conflict. Therefore, this model assisted in the development of the theoretical framework in the current study by suggesting the different types of interrole conflict to be evaluated in both work-and nonwork-domains. For instance, in work domain, if the amount of working hours were too much makes it difficult to fulfill the roles in family domain. Conservation of Resources Model (COR; Hobfoll, 1989) Often work-family researchers have not based their predictions on strong conceptual frameworks (Hobfoll, 1989). The field has been dominated by role theory (Kahn et al., 1964), which is undoubtedly the most cited theory by work-family researchers, together with spillover and segmentation theory (Zedeck Mosier, 1990). Although these theories offer a rationale for the consequences of work-family conflict, they are limited in explaining actual behavior, interaction between actors, or decision making or prioritizing in case of work-family conflict (Poelmans, 2004). Thus, to develop a comprehensive theoretical background for this research, the study also included conservation resources model by Hobfoll (1989) that can explain, predict, and help solve problems that individuals face when balancing work and home responsibilities (Clark, 2000, p. 749). Hobfoll explain that when an individual perceives or experiences environmental circumstances that threaten or cause depletion of resources, he or she psychologically responds in ways that minimize loss of resources. For example, resources might include self-esteem and employment (Hobfoll, 1989). In this study, WFC-efficacy and religious coping as resources of work-family conflict that hopes to reduce work-family conflict and increase well-being of married female teachers in Malaysia. Grandey and Cropanzano (1999) were among the first researchers to apply COR to examine work-family conflict (WFC). They argue that COR theory is an improvement over the use of role theory. Role theory is limited in its ability to explain work-family relationships because it fails to specify moderating variables that might affect the relationship between work-family stressors and stress outcomes. COR theory, in contrast, proposes that interrole conflict leads to stress because resources are lost in the process of juggling both work and family roles (p. 352). The role of work and family stress as an antecedent of work-family conflict can also be explained by the COR model as suggested by Grandey and Cropanzano (1999). The COR model proposes that individuals act to acquire and maintain a variety of resources, such as objects, energies, condition and personal characteristic. COR theory provides a framework for understanding the nature of stress, based on the belief that individuals seek to obtain, build and protect their resources. The theory has been applied to a variety of setting, including community psychology, disaster research, and organizational research. Furthermore, the COR model appears to be a promising perspective for advancing our understanding of work-family relationships. Overview of the Psychological Well-being Theories Associations between work-family conflict and psychological distress have been widely explored and suggest that increased conflict is associated with increased psychological distress ( Major et al., 2002; Stephens et al., 2001) Many different well-being conceptualizations have been provided but, as Gasper (2002), point out, the term well-being is a concept or abstraction used to refer to whatever is assessed in an evaluation of a persons life situation or being. In short, it is a description of the state of individuals life situation. In addition, Easterlin (2001), for example, goes so far as to equate explicitly happiness, subjective well-being, satisfaction, utility, well-being and welfare. Kathryn Dianne (2009) argued that employee well-being consists of subjective well-being (life satisfaction and dispositional affect), workplace well-being (job satisfaction and work-related affect) and psychological well-being (self acceptance, positive relations with others, environmental mastery, autonomy, purpose in life and personal growth). In recent years, researchers, educators, policy-makers and politicians have been directly concerned with well-being, which have been viewed variously as happiness, satisfaction, enjoyment, contentment; and engagement and fulfillment or a combination of these and other, hedonic and eudaimonic factors. It has also been recognized that well-being and the environment are intimately interconnected and may take different forms. Well-being is complex and multifaceted. It is considered as a state and a process. Well-being includes personal, interpersonal and collective needs which influence each other. Well-being may take different forms, which may conflict across groups in society, requiring an overarching settlement. Well-being may also take different forms over the life course of an individual. Interventions to enhance well-being may take different forms. They should be conducted at individual, community and societal level. In the 50 years since Jahodas (1958) seminal report outlining the complexity of defining mental health, significant progress has been made towards the definition and conceptualization of this concept. One noteworthy development was the turn away from definitions of health as the absence of disease (Keyes 2006). Later this was cemented by the work of authors such as Diener (1984), Ryff (1989), Waterman (1993) and Ryff and Keyes (1995). Essentially they argued that mental health should be defined as the presence of wellness rather than the absence of disease. Some speculation surrounds the causal ordering of these two constructs; some believe life satisfaction is a determinant of job satisfaction (whereby overall life satisfaction spills over into satisfaction with life domains) whilst others believe job satisfaction is one of the determinants of overall life satisfaction (Rode 2004). However, the title of the paper, Building a Better Theory of Well-being prepared by Easterlin (2007) shows that Western theories of well-being were inconclusive. Model of Teacher Stress (cf. Kyriacou Sutcliffe, 1978a, p.3) Kyriacou and Sutcliffe (1978a) adopted the theoretical conceptualization of Lazarus to predict school teachers stress reactions. Figure 2.4 presents a simplified version of the model. According to the model, potential stressors are seen as antecedents of teacher stress. Characteristic of the Individual Teacher Biographical personality e.g. support, self-efficacy Teacher Stress Negative effects Response correlates psychological physiological behavioural Chronic Symptoms Psychosomatic coronary mental Coping Mechanisms To reduce perceived threat Potential Stressors Physical psychological Figure 2.4 A Model of Teacher Stress (cf. Kyriacou Sytcliffe, 1978a, p.3) Kyriacou and Sutcliffe (1978a) make an explicit distinction between stressors which are mainly physical (e.g., many pupils in the classes) and those which are essentially psychological (e.g., poor relationships with colleagues). Coping attempts can help to deal with stressful situations, that is, to reduce the perceived threat of those situations. If coping mechanisms are inappropriate, stress occurs. Teacher stress is seen mainly as a negative affect with diverse psychological (e.g., job dissatisfaction), physiological (e.g., high blood pressure), and behavioral (e.g., absenteeism) correlates. In the long run these negative stress effects lead to physiological and biochemical changes accompanied by psychosomatic and even chronic symptoms like coronary heart diseases. Finally, characteristics of the individual teacher are assumed to influence the process. Based on this model, the present study examined WFC-efficacy as a characteristic of the individual teacher on WFC and well-being a nd religious coping as a coping mechanism considered as a predictors in dealing with WFC and well-being. To be clear, WFC is the main dependent variable and well-being as a second dependent variable. WFC-efficacy and religious coping are analyzed as predictors of WFC and well-being Furthermore, the study also integrate WFC as a mediator between both predictors respectively. Banduras Social Cognitive Theory Perceived self-efficacy is concerned with judgments of personal capability, whereas self-esteem is concerned with judgments of self-worth. People make causal contributions to their own psychosocial functioning through mechanisms of personal agency. Among the mechanisms of agency, none is more central or pervasive than peoples beliefs of personal efficacy. Perceived self-efficacy refers to beliefs in ones capabilities to organize and execute the courses of action required to manage prospective situations. Efficacy beliefs influence how people think, feel, motivate themselves, and act. A central question in any theory of cognitive regulation of motivation, affect, and action concerns the issues of causality. Do efficacy beliefs operate as causal factors in human functioning? The findings of diverse causal tests, in which efficacy beliefs are systematically varied, are consistent in showing that such beliefs contribute significantly to human motivation and attainments (Bandura, 1992a). The substantial body of research on the diverse effects of perceived personal efficacy can be summarized as follows: people who have a low sense of efficacy in given domains shy away from difficult tasks, which they view as personal threats. They have low aspirations and weak commitment to the goals they choose to pursue. When face with difficult tasks, they dwell on their personal deficiencies, the obstacles they will encounter, and all kinds of adverse outcomes. Banduras social cognitive theory states that behavior, environment, and person/cognitive factors are all important in understanding personality. Bandura coined the term reciprocal determinism to describe the way behavior, environment, and person/cognitive factors interact to create personality. Behavior Person and cognitive Environment factors Figure 2.6 Banduras Social Cognitive Theory Banduras social cognitive theory emphasizes reciprocal influences of behavior, environment, and person/cognitive factors. The environment can determine a persons behavior, and the person can act to change the environment. Similarly, person/cognitive factors can both influence behavior and be influenced by behavior. Self-efficacy is the belief that one can master a situation and produce positive outcomes. Bandura and the others have shown that self-efficacy is related to a number of positive developments in peoples lives, including solving problems, becoming more sociable, initiating a diet or an exercise program and maintaining it, and quitting smoking (Bandura, 2001, 2006, 2007a, 2007b; Schunk, 2008; Schunk Zimmerman, 2006). Self-efficacy influences whether people even try to develop healthy habits, as well as how much effort they expend in coping with stress, how long they persist in the face of obstacles, and how much stress and pain they experience (Fisher, Schilinger, 2006). Researchers also have found that self-efficacy is linked with successful job interviewing and job performance (Judge Bono, 2001; Tay, Ang, Van Dyne, 2006). Making positive changes to promote our health can be challenge. But fortunately, we all have a variety of psychological and social tools at our disposal to help us in the journey to a new, healthier life. There are three powerful tools: self-efficacy, motivation, and religious faith. Self-efficacy is the individuals belief that he or she can master a situation and produce positive outcomes. If there is a problem to be fixed, self-efficacy-that is, having a can-do attitude-is related to finding a solution. Self-efficacy is the power of belief in you. Not only self-efficacy related to initiating and maintaining a healthy lifestyle; religious faith is, too (Krause, 2006; Park, 2007). Pargaments Religious Coping Theory (1990) Religious-coping responses may eliminate or resolve the stressful probe, thereby preserving or improving the health of the person. Such a hypothesis suggests a model of religious commitment that has both direct and indirect effects on health, with the indirect effects operating through religious support as well as religious coping. Religious coping is dealing with life effectively within the research for significance toward the sacred (Pargament, 1997). Pargament (1990, 1997) suggested a process through which religion plays a part in coping. The process of coping activities and coping outcome, and religion can be a part of each of the central constructs of coping. Religion can contribute to the coping process, shaping the character of live events. In addition, religion itself is shaped by the elements of this process. People bring with them a system of general beliefs, practices, aspirations, and relationships which affect how they deal with difficult moments. A number of studies have definitely linked religious participation to a longer life (Hummer others, 2004; Krause, 2006; McCullough others, 2000). Religious-coping responses may eliminate or resolve the stressful probe, thereby preserving or improving the health of the person. Such a hypothesis suggests a model of religious commitment that has both direct and indirect effects on health, with the indirect effects operating through religious support as well as religious coping. Religious coping is dealing with life effectively within the research for significance toward the sacred (Pargament, 1997). Religious coping is expressed in the cognitive construction of the triggering event, in the ends sought and in the methods used to reach these ends. Religious coping may be involved in the conservation or transformation of ends. Pargaments (1997) model is potentially useful in determining how this religious coping influence work-family conflict. Pargament (1997) proposed a model that integrates religion into Lazarus and Folkmans (1984) classic tripartite theory of coping consisting of primary and secondary appraisals of a stressor; cognitive or behavioral strategies to deal with the event; and sought-after outcomes of coping. Specifically, Pargament (1997) theorized that life events can be interpreted in religious term (i.e., religious coping appraisals), that religion offers people of all ages unique religious pathways to cope with s tress (i.e., religious coping processes), and that religion can imbue with sacred significance the destinations that people strive to reach by means of coping processes. In Pargaments model, religious coping is a broad construct, defined as a search for significance in times of stress in ways related to the sacred (Pargament, 1996, 1997). The term the sacred highlights what makes religion unique. The core of the sacred consists of concepts of God, the divine, and the transcendent, but virtually any object can become part of the sacred through its association with or representation of divinity (Pargament Mahoney, in press). And, unlike other personal and social institutions, religion connects the search for significance during times of stress with higher powers and beliefs, experiences, rituals and institutions associated with supernatural forces. In this frame of reference, spirituality is conceptualized as the heart of religion and defined as the search for the sacred (Pargament Mahoney, 2002). Issues on Feminism in Work-Family Conflict Carol Gilligans Moral Development Theory As human beings grow we somehow develop the ability to assess what is right or wrong, acceptable or unacceptable. In other words; we develop morality, a system of learned attitudes about social practices, institutions, and individual behavior used to evaluate situations and behavior as good or bad, right or wrong (Lefton, 2000). One theorist, Carol Gilligan, found that morality develops by looking at much more than justice. The following will discuss the morality development theory of Carol Gilligan and its implications. Carol Gilligan was the first to consider gender differences in her research with the mental processes of males and females in their moral development. In general, Gilligan noted differences between girls and boys in their feelings towards caring, relationships, and connections with other people. More specifically Gilligan noted that girls are more concerned with care, relationships, and connections with other people than boys (Lefton, 2000). Thus, Gilligan hypothesized that as younger children girls are more inclined towards caring and boys are more inclined towards justice (Lefton, 2000). Gilligan suggests this difference is due to gender and the childs relationship with the mother (Lefton, 2000). Kohlbergs theory is comprised of three levels of moral development becoming more complex. Kohlbergs moral development theory did not take into account gender, and from Kohlbergs theory Gilligan found that girls do in-fact develop moral orientations differently than boys. According to Gilligan, the central moral problem for women is the conflict between self and other. Within Gilligans theoretical framework for moral development in females, she provides a sequence of three levels (Belknap, 2000). At level one of Gilligans theoretical framework a womans orientations is towards individual survival (Belknap, 2000); the self is the sole object of concern. The first transition that takes place is from being selfish to being responsible. At level two the main concern is that goodness is equated with self-sacrifice (Belknap, 2000). This level is where a woman adopts societal values and social membership. Gilligan refers to the second transition from level two to level three as the transition from goodness to truth (Belknap, 2000). Here, the needs of the self must be deliberately uncovered; as they are uncovered the woman begins to consider the consequences of the self and other (Belknap, 2000). One study by Gilligan Attanucci (1988) looked at the distinction between care and justice perspectives with men and women, primarily adolescence and adults when faced with real-life dilemmas. The study showed that: a) concerns about justice and care are represented in peoples thinking about real-life moral dilemmas, but that people tend to focus on one or the other depending on gender, and b) there is an association between moral orientation and gender such that women focus on care dilemmas and men focus on justice dilemmas (Gilligan Attanucci, 1988). Gilligans theory has had both positive and negative implications in the field of psychology. One positive implication is that her work has influenced other psychologists in their evaluations of morality. Also, Gilligans work highlights that people think about other people in a humanly caring way. Gilligan also emphasized that both men and women think about caring when faced with relationship dilemmas, similarly both are likely to focus on justice when faced with dilemmas involving others rights. On the other hand, the most criticized element to her theory is that it follows the stereotype of women as nurturing, men as logical. The participants of Gilligans research are limited to mostly white, middle class children and adults (Woods, 1996. In general, literature reviews have provided that Gilligans work needs a broader more multicultural basis. In work-family conflict study, Gilligans theory can explain regarding the different between female and male in handling work and family domain as general. The moral orientations and development of women in this theory has shows that women is more caring or in other word more responsible in terms of handling family related condition compare to men. In summary, Carol Gilligan has provided a framework for the moral orientations and development of women. Gilligans theory is comprised of three stages: self-interest, self-sacrifice, and post-conventional thinking where each level is more complex. Overall, Gilligan found that girls do develop morality, differently than others. Gilligans theory holds particular implications for adolescent girls specifically as this is typically when they enter the transition from level two to level three. However, as do all theories Gilligans has advantages and disadvantages that should be considered when looking at moral orientations. The History of Work-Family Conflict Construct Since its early development, theoretical discourse in the field of work-family conflict has been confined to a few dominant theories, such as role theory (Kahn, Wolfe, Quinn, Snoek Rosenthal, 1964; Katz Kahn, 1978) and spillover theory (Zedeck Mosier, 1990). Since Zedecks (1992) call for the refinement and development of theory in the work-family field, a series of alternative theories have been suggested as a conceptual basis for explaining work-family conflict, such as Hobfolls (1989) conservation of resources theory (Grandey Cropanzano, 1999). Most research on the work-family interface has focused on work-family conflict (Allen et al., 2000). Conflict between work and

Cfa- Economics

ADS It has two variables, share price S and time t. However, there is a second derivative only with respect to the share price and only a first derivative with respect to time. In finance, these type equations have been around since the early seventies, thanks to Fischer Black and Myron Schools. However, equations of this form are very common in physics Physicists refer to them as heat or diffusion equations. These equations have been known In physics for almost two centuries and, naturally. Scientists have learnt a great deal about them.Among numerous applications of these equations in natural sciences, the classic examples are the models of Diffusion of one material within another, like smoke particles in air, or water pollutions; Flow of heat from one part of an object to another. This is about as much I wanted to go into physics of the BBS equation. Now let us concentrate on finance. What Is The Boundary Condition? As I have already mentioned, the BBS equation does not say which financial instrument it describes. Therefore, the equation alone is not sufficient for valuing derivatives.There must be some additional information provided. This additional information is called the boundary conditions. Boundary conditions determine initial or final values of some financial product that evolves over time according to the PDP. Usually, they represent some contractual clauses of various derivative securities. Depending on the product and the problem at hand, boundary conditions would change. When we are dealing with derivative contracts, which have a termination date, the most natural boundary conditions are terminal values of the contracts.For example, the boundary condition for a European call Is the payoff function V(SST,T) = Max( SST-DE) at expiration. In financial problems, it is also usual to specify the behavior of the elution at SO and as S . For example, It is clear that when the share value S , the value of a put option should go to zero. To summaries, equ ipped with the right boundary conditions. It Is possible using some techniques to solve the BBS equation 1 OFF tort various financial instruments. There are a number tot deterrent solution method one of which I now would like to describe to you.Transformation To Constant Coefficient Diffusion Equations Physics students may find this subsection interesting. Sometimes it can be useful to transform the basic BBS equation into something a little bit simpler by a change of variables. For example, instead of the function V(S,t), we can introduce a new function according to the following rule V(S,t) = e ¤x +  ¤Ã‚ ¶LLC(X, 6) where or oh=-1 02 – 10, 2 -0 or 10. 000142 Then IS(x, 6) satisfies the basic diffusion equation D U D 21. 1 = 2 . DXL It is a good exercise to check (using your week 8) that the above change of variables equation.This equation looks much simpler that can be important, for example when simple numerical schemes. Previous ‘partial derivative exercises' f m om r indeed gives rise to the standard diffusion than the original BBS equation. Sometimes seeking closed-form lotions, or in some Green's Functions One solution of the BBS equation, which plays a significant role in option pricing, is 1 You can also read about this transformation in the original paper by Black and Schools, a copy of which you can get from me. 7 ? expo 0 for any S'. (Exercise: verify this by substituting back into the BBS equation. ) This solution behaves in an unusual way as time t approaches expiration T. You can see that in this limit, the exponent goes to zero everywhere, except at S=S', when the solution explodes. This limit is known as a Doric delta function: lime G(S , t) * 6 (S , S Don not confuse this delta function with the delta of delta hedging! ) Think of this as a function that is zero everywhere except at one point, S=S', where it is infinite.One of the properties of is that its integral is equal to one: +m Another very important property en De TA-don ation is where f(S) is an arbitrary function. Thus, the delta-function ‘picks up' the value of f at the point, where the delta-function is singular, I. E. At S'=S. How all of this can help us to value financial derivatives? You will see it in a moment. The expression G(S,t) is a solution of the BBS equation for any S'. Because of the linearity of the BBS equation, we can multiply G(S,t) by any constant, and we get another solution.But then we can also get another solution by adding together expressions of the form G(S,t) but with different values for S'. Putting this together, and taking an integral as Just a way of adding together many solutions, we find that V (S ,t)= If(S (S , t)ads ‘ o m is also a solution of the BBS equation for arbitrary function f(S'). Now if we choose the arbitrary function f(S') to be the payoff function of a given derivative problem, then V(S,t) becomes the value of the option. The function G(S,t) is called the Green's function.The formula abov e gives the exact solution for the option value in terms of the arbitrary payoff function. For example, the value of a European call is given by the following integral c(S , t) = f Max( S E (S , t) ads Let us check that as t approaches T the above call option gives the correct payoff. As we mentioned this before, in the limit when t goes to T, the Green's function becomes a delta-function. Therefore, taking the limit we get T , T) = I Max( S E T , S ‘)ads Max( SST -E ,0). Here we used the property of the delta-function.Thus, the proposed solution for the call option does satisfy the required boundary condition. Formula For A Call Normally, in financial literature you see a formula for European options written in terms of cumulative normal distribution functions. You may therefore wonder how the exact result given above in terms of the Green's function is related to the ones in the literature. Now I'd like to explain how these two results are related. Let us first focus on a Eu ropean call. Let us look at the formula for a call c(S , f Max( S E (S , t)ads We integrate from O to infinity. But it is clear that when S'

Global Warming Affects International Business

During the 20th century, the earth's average surface temperature increased by 0. 6 °  ± (). 2 °C (Folland et al. 2001), and there’s strong evidence that human activities are the main cause of this trend (Mitchell et al. 2001). This increase in global surface temperature is thought to have at least some effect on the frequency of extreme weather events due to climate changes (Folland et al. 2001), and there is concern that these changes will have an enormous impact on various industries (Hitz and Smith 2004). Balancing environmental measures with economic development, that is, working toward sustainable development, is the fundamental goal of global environmental policies, including those for global warming (Hijioka, Masui, Takahashi, Matsuoka, and Harasawa 2006). Over the last decade, scientists have extensively studied the greenhouse effect, which holds that the accumulation of carbon dioxide (CO2) is expected to produce global warming and other significant climatic changes over the next century (Mendelsohn, Nordhaus and Shaw, 1994). In this essay, we will be discussing about the impact to an analysis of global warming change effects on agriculture and insurance industries, and some qualitative conclusions on the relative importance of the government decision. Numerous studies indicate major impacts on agriculture, especially if there is significant mid-continental drying and warming in the country (Mendelsohn et al. , 1994). Normally, sky-high food prices reflect scarcity caused by crop failure. Stocks are run down as everyone lives off last year's stores. This year harvests have been poor in some places, notably Australia, where the drought-hit wheat crop failed for the second year running. And world cereals stocks as a proportion of production are the lowest ever recorded. The run-down has been accentuated by the decision of large countries (America and China) to reduce stocks to save money (Peterson, 1979). With respect to research on global warming, United States and other international research programs are aiming towards improving future predictions. Such programs are arguably weakest in modelling feedbacks from human activities, including effects of trends towards greater urbanization and deforestation on local and regional climates. Economic incentives and culturally motivated practices are in large part driving changes in land use. Understanding incentives and responses by individuals, companies, and governments in developing countries will strengthen the human behavioural component of feedbacks to the climate system. U. S farm policy merits reform to increase farmers’ flexibility in responding to climatic changes without financial penalties that government programs may potentially give to such responses. Besides, government also introduce price support programs to inhibit climate change adaptation. Subsidies, tariffs and non-tariff barriers continue to distort world trade in agriculture and food. Subsidised prices reduce the ability of farmers in non-subsidising countries to earn a sustainable income and generate the capital required to increase production and improve productivity (Hill, Cronk and Wickramasekera, 2011). For example, today’s farmers are paid any positive difference between the support price for any program commodity and the international market price. International commodity markets smooth the price effects of production and consumption shocks, so changes in the patterns of food consumption induced by climate change thus are tempered by open trade or called free trade (Robert and Sally, 1995). Free trade occurs when there is an absence of barriers to the free flow of goods and services between countries Free trade might also increase the efficiency with which a country’s stock of resources of resources, as increased supplies of labour and capital from abroad become available for use within the country (Hill, Cronk and Wickramasekera, 2011). One manifestation insight is the joint implementation approach to greenhouse gas reductions initiated by several countries, including the U. S. Under joint implementation, the least costly projects to reduce greenhouse gas emissions or enhance carbon sinks can be pursued jointly across countries by, in essence, giving private agents and governments opportunities to meet emission reduction targets anywhere and in cooperation with ay others around the world. For example, forestry projects are one of the important outcomes of joint implementation in agriculture industry. Planting trees in reforestation or afforestation projects enhances the absorptive capacity of the biosphere and leads to carbon dioxide reductions in the atmosphere(Robert and Sally, 1995). Besides, Tesco, a European supermarket chain, is beginning a program to provide a global warming rating for everything it sells (Scot, 2007). The chain is creating an index to measure the â€Å"carbon footprint† required to produce, package, and transport ach product in its stores. Consumers can then include the carbon footprint along with price and product quality when making purchasing decisions. Weather and climate are ‘‘core business’’ for the insurance industry. Many extreme weather events such as cyclones, hailstorms, bushfires and floods are projected to increase in either intensity or frequency under climate change. A changing, less predictable climate has the potential to reduce the insurance industry’s capacity to calculate, price and spread this weather-related risk. In Australia, 19 out of the 20 most costly natural disasters, in terms of property insurance losses, have been weather related (Michael, 2007). While insurers face huge risks for society’s failure to act to curb greenhouse gas emissions, there are untapped opportunities for the insurance industry to use its financial muscle to push for changes in government policies as well as damaging business practices of the oil and fossil fuel power generating companies and the auto industry, to name the most obvious (Carrie, 2003). Analysis of the risks associated with climate change provides insurance companies with a working example of the benefits in considering long-term as well as short term issues. Understanding long-term risks and opportunities enables insurers to ensure our business is sustainable in the long term, while generating enduring shareholder value (Michael, 2007). Insurers and reinsurers using their considerable financial resources as â€Å"catalysts† for the development of renewable, emission reductions and energy efficient technologies could serve the industry by reducing risks and opening up new lines of business activity (Carrie, 2003). Government is committed to undertaking further research to increase the scientific understanding of the impacts of global warming, to identify ways to reduce the impact that global warming is expected to have on society and to identify insurance based, policies incentives for a reduction in future greenhouse gas emissions. However, success in dealing with this global problem requires action across the entire economy. While we are learning more about the economics and geophysics of global warming, policy makers should continue to seek ways to minimize social costs of climate change and change mitigation, a process which the economics profession has much to contribute. Prominent examples of efficiency-enhancing policy measures are he promotion of free trade, the liberalization of farm policy, and the joint implementation of greenhouse gas reduction objectives under the Framework Convention on Climate change (Robert and Sally, 1995). Climate change presents a strong case for the need for business, governments and community groups to work together to find sustainable solutions to this critical challenge of the 21st century (Michael, 2007).